It's an effect -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_%28shader_effect%29 - not an artifact.
Not sure if it's possible to do a bloom reversal, since much like field blending, it contaminates the surrounding data - making the areas you want to make "healthy" again look like part of the problem.
If it's by an edge you may have a hint at whether or not bloom has occured, but if it's in the middle of flat colors (like the bloomed highlights inside that wine glass) it's completely hopeless unless you want to de-gradient the entire damn picture that dares to have bright gradients.