--hrd triggering x265 abort by warning bug

[iAvoe]

Hi, I've tried to encode with --frame-dup recently, and quickly found out that I need to run it under vbv mode with --hrd enabled.
x265 [warning]: Frame-duplication require NAL HRD and VBV parameters. Disabling frame duplication

I've read the doc and figured it's ok to add --hrd to the command :confused: it turns out not.
Commandline output is very limited, so this time I can't figure out what has gone bad, or I've made a mistake somewhere

Here is the description for --hrd (https://x265.readthedocs.io/en/master/cli.html#cmdoption-hrd)

Here is the log with --hrd disabled:

Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.19043.1202]

ffmpeg -i "E:\01.mkv" -filter_complex "[0:v]pad=1920:1080:0:140[1],[1][0:s]overlay[2]" -map "[2]" -an -f yuv4mpegpipe -strict unofficial - | x265 --y4m -D 10 --ctu 32 --rect --amp --me star --subme 6 --merange 48 --analyze-src-pics --max-merge 4 --early-skip --b-intra --no-open-gop --min-keyint 1 --ref 3 --fades --bframes 16 --b-adapt 2 --qpmin 13 --crf 20 --crqpoffs -3 --cbqpoffs -1 --vbv-bufsize 5000 --vbv-maxrate 4900 --rdoq-level 2 --aq-mode 1 --aq-strength 1 --qg-size 16 --rd 5 --limit-modes --limit-refs 3 --rskip 1 --rc-lookahead 96 --psy-rd 1.6 --rdpenalty 1 --splitrd-skip --deblock 0:0 --limit-sao --sao-non-deblock --selective-sao 2 --opt-qp-pps --opt-ref-list-length-pps --hash 2 --allow-non-conformance --idr-recovery-sei --nr-inter 20 --nr-intra 10 --colormatrix bt709 --output "E:\01.hevc" -

ffmpeg version 4.4-full_build-www.gyan.dev Copyright (c) 2000-2021 the FFmpeg developers
built with gcc 10.2.0 (Rev6, Built by MSYS2 project)
configuration: --enable-gpl --enable-version3 --enable-static --disable-w32threads --disable-autodetect --enable-fontconfig --enable-iconv --enable-gnutls --enable-libxml2 --enable-gmp --enable-lzma --enable-libsnappy --enable-zlib --enable-librist --enable-libsrt --enable-libssh --enable-libzmq --enable-avisynth --enable-libbluray --enable-libcaca --enable-sdl2 --enable-libdav1d --enable-libzvbi --enable-librav1e --enable-libsvtav1 --enable-libwebp --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxvid --enable-libaom --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libvpx --enable-libass --enable-frei0r --enable-libfreetype --enable-libfribidi --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvmaf --enable-libzimg --enable-amf --enable-cuda-llvm --enable-cuvid --enable-ffnvcodec --enable-nvdec --enable-nvenc --enable-d3d11va --enable-dxva2 --enable-libmfx --enable-libglslang --enable-vulkan --enable-opencl --enable-libcdio --enable-libgme --enable-libmodplug --enable-libopenmpt --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libshine --enable-libtheora --enable-libtwolame --enable-libvo-amrwbenc --enable-libilbc --enable-libgsm --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopus --enable-libspeex --enable-libvorbis --enable-ladspa --enable-libbs2b --enable-libflite --enable-libmysofa --enable-librubberband --enable-libsoxr --enable-chromaprint
libavutil 56. 70.100 / 56. 70.100
libavcodec 58.134.100 / 58.134.100
libavformat 58. 76.100 / 58. 76.100
libavdevice 58. 13.100 / 58. 13.100
libavfilter 7.110.100 / 7.110.100
libswscale 5. 9.100 / 5. 9.100
libswresample 3. 9.100 / 3. 9.100
libpostproc 55. 9.100 / 55. 9.100
Input #0, matroska,webm, from 'E:\01.mkv':
Metadata:
encoder : libebml v1.4.2 + libmatroska v1.6.4
creation_time : 2021-09-04T14:17:58.000000Z
Duration: 02:18:06.21, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 5560 kb/s
Stream #0:0: Video: h264 (High), yuv420p(tv, bt709, progressive), 1920x800 [SAR 1:1 DAR 12:5], 23.98 fps, 23.98 tbr, 1k tbn, 47.95 tbc (default)
Metadata:
BPS : 4858710
DURATION : 02:18:06.195000000
NUMBER_OF_FRAMES: 198670
NUMBER_OF_BYTES : 5032528215
_STATISTICS_WRITING_APP: mkvmerge v61.0.0 ('So') 64-bit
_STATISTICS_WRITING_DATE_UTC: 2021-09-04 14:17:58
_STATISTICS_TAGS: BPS DURATION NUMBER_OF_FRAMES NUMBER_OF_BYTES
Stream #0:1(eng): Audio: eac3, 48000 Hz, 5.1(side), fltp, 640 kb/s (default)
Metadata:
title : English - [ Original ]
BPS : 640000
DURATION : 02:18:06.208000000
NUMBER_OF_FRAMES: 258944
NUMBER_OF_BYTES : 662896640
_STATISTICS_WRITING_APP: mkvmerge v61.0.0 ('So') 64-bit
_STATISTICS_WRITING_DATE_UTC: 2021-09-04 14:17:58
_STATISTICS_TAGS: BPS DURATION NUMBER_OF_FRAMES NUMBER_OF_BYTES
Stream #0:2(chi): Subtitle: hdmv_pgs_subtitle, 1920x1080 (default)
Metadata:
title : Z@KKYY
BPS : 121126
DURATION : 02:10:55.472000000
NUMBER_OF_FRAMES: 8189
NUMBER_OF_BYTES : 118938264
_STATISTICS_WRITING_APP: mkvmerge v61.0.0 ('So') 64-bit
_STATISTICS_WRITING_DATE_UTC: 2021-09-04 14:17:58
_STATISTICS_TAGS: BPS DURATION NUMBER_OF_FRAMES NUMBER_OF_BYTES
Stream mapping:
Stream #0:0 (h264) -> pad
Stream #0:2 (pgssub) -> overlay:overlay
overlay -> Stream #0:0 (wrapped_avframe)
Press [q] to stop, [?] for help
[matroska,webm @ 000002d5ffc0f0c0] sub2video: using 1920x800 canvas
Output #0, yuv4mpegpipe, to 'pipe:':
Metadata:
encoder : Lavf58.76.100
y4m [info]: 1920x1080 fps 24000/1001 i420p8 sar 1:1 unknown frame count
Stream #0:0: Video: wrapped_avframe, yuv420p(tv, bt709, progressive), 1920x1080 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], q=2-31, 200 kb/s, raw [info]: output file: E:\01.hevc
23.98 fps, 23.98 tbnx265 [info]: HEVC encoder version 3.5+13-4c6880de4
(default)
Metadata:
encoder : Lavc58.134.100 wrapped_avframe
x265 [info]: build info [Windows][MSVC 1929][64 bit] 10bit
x265 [info]: using cpu capabilities: MMX2 SSE2Fast LZCNT SSSE3 SSE4.2 AVX FMA3 BMI2 AVX2
x265 [info]: Main 10 profile, Level-4 (Main tier)
x265 [info]: Thread pool created using 16 threads
x265 [info]: Slices : 1
x265 [info]: frame threads / pool features : 4 / wpp(34 rows)
x265 [info]: Coding QT: max CU size, min CU size : 32 / 808 bitrate=596607.4kbits/s speed=2.98x
x265 [info]: Residual QT: max TU size, max depth : 32 / 1 inter / 1 intra
x265 [info]: ME / range / subpel / merge : star / 48 / 6 / 4
x265 [info]: Keyframe min / max / scenecut / bias : 1 / 250 / 40 / 5.00
x265 [info]: Cb/Cr QP Offset : -1 / -3
x265 [info]: Intra 32x32 TU penalty type : 1
x265 [info]: Lookahead / bframes / badapt : 96 / 16 / 2
x265 [info]: b-pyramid / weightp / weightb : 1 / 1 / 0
x265 [info]: References / ref-limit cu / depth : 3 / on / on
x265 [info]: AQ: mode / str / qg-size / cu-tree : 1 / 1.0 / 16 / 1
x265 [info]: Rate Control / qCompress : CRF-20.0 / 0.60
x265 [info]: VBV/HRD buffer / max-rate / init : 5000 / 4900 / 0.900
x265 [info]: tools: rect amp limit-modes rd=5 psy-rd=1.60 rdoq=2 early-skip
x265 [info]: tools: rskip mode=1 splitrd-skip nr-intra=10 nr-inter=20 signhide
x265 [info]: tools: tmvp b-intra strong-intra-smoothing lslices=6 deblock
x265 [info]: tools: sao-non-deblock selective-sao
frame= 172 fps= 22 q=-0.0 Lsize= 522451kB time=00:00:07.17 bitrate=596601.5kbits/s speed=0.93x
video:90kB audio:0kB subtitle:0kB other streams:0kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead: 580199.750000%
x265 [info]: frame I: 2, Avg QP:20.67 kb/s: 1761.18
x265 [info]: frame P: 26, Avg QP:18.35 kb/s: 2691.43
x265 [info]: frame B: 144, Avg QP:23.70 kb/s: 375.20
x265 [info]: Weighted P-Frames: Y:69.2% UV:15.4%
x265 [info]: consecutive B-frames: 7.1% 14.3% 7.1% 10.7% 10.7% 17.9% 3.6% 14.3% 3.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 10.7%

encoded 172 frames in 21.49s (8.00 fps), 741.44 kb/s, Avg QP:22.85


Here is the conversion failed log with --hrd enabled

Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.19043.1202]

ffmpeg -i "E:\01.mkv" -filter_complex "[0:v]pad=1920:1080:0:140[1],[1][0:s]overlay[2]" -map "[2]" -an -f yuv4mpegpipe -strict unofficial - | x265 --y4m -D 10 --ctu 32 --rect --amp --me star --subme 6 --merange 48 --analyze-src-pics --max-merge 4 --early-skip --b-intra --no-open-gop --min-keyint 1 --ref 3 --fades --bframes 16 --b-adapt 2 --qpmin 13 --crf 20 --crqpoffs -3 --cbqpoffs -1 --hrd 1 --vbv-bufsize 5000 --vbv-maxrate 4900 --rdoq-level 2 --aq-mode 1 --aq-strength 1 --qg-size 16 --rd 5 --limit-modes --limit-refs 3 --rskip 1 --rc-lookahead 96 --psy-rd 1.6 --rdpenalty 1 --splitrd-skip --deblock 0:0 --limit-sao --sao-non-deblock --selective-sao 2 --opt-qp-pps --opt-ref-list-length-pps --hash 2 --allow-non-conformance --idr-recovery-sei --nr-inter 20 --nr-intra 10 --colormatrix bt709 --output "E:\01.hevc" -

x265 [warning]: extra unused command arguments given <->

ffmpeg version 4.4-full_build-www.gyan.dev Copyright (c) 2000-2021 the FFmpeg developers
built with gcc 10.2.0 (Rev6, Built by MSYS2 project)
configuration: --enable-gpl --enable-version3 --enable-static --disable-w32threads --disable-autodetect --enable-fontconfig --enable-iconv --enable-gnutls --enable-libxml2 --enable-gmp --enable-lzma --enable-libsnappy --enable-zlib --enable-librist --enable-libsrt --enable-libssh --enable-libzmq --enable-avisynth --enable-libbluray --enable-libcaca --enable-sdl2 --enable-libdav1d --enable-libzvbi --enable-librav1e --enable-libsvtav1 --enable-libwebp --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxvid --enable-libaom --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libvpx --enable-libass --enable-frei0r --enable-libfreetype --enable-libfribidi --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvmaf --enable-libzimg --enable-amf --enable-cuda-llvm --enable-cuvid --enable-ffnvcodec --enable-nvdec --enable-nvenc --enable-d3d11va --enable-dxva2 --enable-libmfx --enable-libglslang --enable-vulkan --enable-opencl --enable-libcdio --enable-libgme --enable-libmodplug --enable-libopenmpt --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libshine --enable-libtheora --enable-libtwolame --enable-libvo-amrwbenc --enable-libilbc --enable-libgsm --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopus --enable-libspeex --enable-libvorbis --enable-ladspa --enable-libbs2b --enable-libflite --enable-libmysofa --enable-librubberband --enable-libsoxr --enable-chromaprint
libavutil 56. 70.100 / 56. 70.100
libavcodec 58.134.100 / 58.134.100
libavformat 58. 76.100 / 58. 76.100
libavdevice 58. 13.100 / 58. 13.100
libavfilter 7.110.100 / 7.110.100
libswscale 5. 9.100 / 5. 9.100
libswresample 3. 9.100 / 3. 9.100
libpostproc 55. 9.100 / 55. 9.100
Input #0, matroska,webm, from 'E:\01.mkv':
Metadata:
encoder : libebml v1.4.2 + libmatroska v1.6.4
creation_time : 2021-09-04T14:17:58.000000Z
Duration: 02:18:06.21, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 5560 kb/s
Stream #0:0: Video: h264 (High), yuv420p(tv, bt709, progressive), 1920x800 [SAR 1:1 DAR 12:5], 23.98 fps, 23.98 tbr, 1k tbn, 47.95 tbc (default)
Metadata:
BPS : 4858710
DURATION : 02:18:06.195000000
NUMBER_OF_FRAMES: 198670
NUMBER_OF_BYTES : 5032528215
_STATISTICS_WRITING_APP: mkvmerge v61.0.0 ('So') 64-bit
_STATISTICS_WRITING_DATE_UTC: 2021-09-04 14:17:58
_STATISTICS_TAGS: BPS DURATION NUMBER_OF_FRAMES NUMBER_OF_BYTES
Stream #0:1(eng): Audio: eac3, 48000 Hz, 5.1(side), fltp, 640 kb/s (default)
Metadata:
title : English - [ Original ]
BPS : 640000
DURATION : 02:18:06.208000000
NUMBER_OF_FRAMES: 258944
NUMBER_OF_BYTES : 662896640
_STATISTICS_WRITING_APP: mkvmerge v61.0.0 ('So') 64-bit
_STATISTICS_WRITING_DATE_UTC: 2021-09-04 14:17:58
_STATISTICS_TAGS: BPS DURATION NUMBER_OF_FRAMES NUMBER_OF_BYTES
Stream #0:2(chi): Subtitle: hdmv_pgs_subtitle, 1920x1080 (default)
Metadata:
title : Z@KKYY
BPS : 121126
DURATION : 02:10:55.472000000
NUMBER_OF_FRAMES: 8189
NUMBER_OF_BYTES : 118938264
_STATISTICS_WRITING_APP: mkvmerge v61.0.0 ('So') 64-bit
_STATISTICS_WRITING_DATE_UTC: 2021-09-04 14:17:58
_STATISTICS_TAGS: BPS DURATION NUMBER_OF_FRAMES NUMBER_OF_BYTES
Stream mapping:
Stream #0:0 (h264) -> pad
Stream #0:2 (pgssub) -> overlay:overlay
overlay -> Stream #0:0 (wrapped_avframe)
Press [q] to stop, [?] for help
[matroska,webm @ 000001fe0db3f0c0] sub2video: using 1920x800 canvas
Output #0, yuv4mpegpipe, to 'pipe:':
Metadata:
encoder : Lavf58.76.100
Stream #0:0: Video: wrapped_avframe, yuv420p(tv, bt709, progressive), 1920x1080 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], q=2-31, 200 kb/s, 23.98 fps, 23.98 tbn (default)
Metadata:
encoder : Lavc58.134.100 wrapped_avframe
av_interleaved_write_frame(): Invalid argument
Error writing trailer of pipe:: Invalid argument00:00:00.04 bitrate=596623.0kbits/s speed= 1.5x
frame= 1 fps=0.0 q=-0.0 Lsize= 3038kB time=00:00:00.04 bitrate=596623.0kbits/s speed=0.869x
video:1kB audio:0kB subtitle:0kB other streams:0kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead: 580216.062500%
Conversion failed!

[iAvoe]

Note: x265 version used was 3.5+13

[benwaggoner]

--hrd doesn't take parameters. Change "--hrd 1" to just "--hrd" and you should be fine.

And let me know if you get --frame-dup to actually dup any frames! I've not been able to get it to work myself so far.

[iAvoe]

Thanks! It worked with that change.
I've tried to encode a film srouce around 35GB, with frame-dup on and off (dup-threadshold default 70), and resulted -10MB file size per 3.9GB (or per 1hr & 35min), but ran into an A-V out-of-sync issue, it comes up right from beginning, so I don't think it's a variable framerate problem.

Here is the mediainfo without frame-dup:
ID : 1
Format : HEVC
Format/Info : High Efficiency Video Coding
Format profile : Main 10@L4@Main
Codec ID : V_MPEGH/ISO/HEVC
Duration : 1 h 35 min
Bit rate : 5 875 kb/s
Width : 1 920 pixels
Height : 1 080 pixels
Display aspect ratio : 16:9
Frame rate mode : Constant
Frame rate : 23.976 (24000/1001) FPS
Color space : YUV
Chroma subsampling : 4:2:0
Bit depth : 10 bits
Bits/(Pixel*Frame) : 0.118
Stream size : 3.93 GiB (61%)
Writing library : x265 3.5+13-4c6880de4:[Windows][MSVC 1929][64 bit] 10bit
Encoding settings : cpuid=1111039 / frame-threads=4 / numa-pools=16 / wpp / no-pmode / no-pme / no-psnr / no-ssim / log-level=2 / input-csp=1 / input-res=1920x1080 / interlace=0 / total-frames=0 / level-idc=0 / high-tier=1 / uhd-bd=0 / ref=3 / allow-non-conformance / no-repeat-headers / annexb / no-aud / no-eob / no-eos / hrd / info / hash=2 / no-temporal-layers / no-open-gop / min-keyint=1 / keyint=250 / gop-lookahead=0 / bframes=16 / b-adapt=2 / b-pyramid / bframe-bias=0 / rc-lookahead=96 / lookahead-slices=6 / scenecut=40 / no-hist-scenecut / radl=0 / no-splice / no-intra-refresh / ctu=32 / min-cu-size=8 / rect / amp / max-tu-size=32 / tu-inter-depth=1 / tu-intra-depth=1 / limit-tu=0 / rdoq-level=2 / dynamic-rd=0.00 / no-ssim-rd / signhide / no-tskip / nr-intra=10 / nr-inter=20 / no-constrained-intra / strong-intra-smoothing / max-merge=4 / limit-refs=3 / limit-modes / me=3 / subme=6 / merange=48 / temporal-mvp / no-frame-dup / no-hme / weightp / no-weightb / analyze-src-pics / deblock=0:0 / sao / sao-non-deblock / rd=5 / selective-sao=2 / early-skip / rskip / no-fast-intra / no-tskip-fast / no-cu-lossless / b-intra / splitrd-skip / rdpenalty=1 / psy-rd=1.60 / psy-rdoq=0.00 / no-rd-refine / no-lossless / cbqpoffs=-1 / crqpoffs=-3 / rc=crf / crf=17.0 / qcomp=0.60 / qpstep=4 / stats-write=0 / stats-read=0 / vbv-maxrate=10000 / vbv-bufsize=3000 / vbv-init=0.9 / min-vbv-fullness=50.0 / max-vbv-fullness=80.0 / crf-max=0.0 / crf-min=0.0 / ipratio=1.40 / pbratio=1.30 / aq-mode=1 / aq-strength=1.00 / cutree / zone-count=0 / no-strict-cbr / qg-size=16 / no-rc-grain / qpmax=69 / qpmin=13 / no-const-vbv / sar=1 / overscan=0 / videoformat=5 / range=0 / colorprim=2 / transfer=2 / colormatrix=1 / chromaloc=0 / display-window=0 / cll=0,0 / min-luma=0 / max-luma=1023 / log2-max-poc-lsb=8 / vui-timing-info / vui-hrd-info / slices=1 / opt-qp-pps / opt-ref-list-length-pps / no-multi-pass-opt-rps / scenecut-bias=0.05 / hist-threshold=0.03 / no-opt-cu-delta-qp / no-aq-motion / no-hdr10 / no-hdr10-opt / no-dhdr10-opt / idr-recovery-sei / analysis-reuse-level=0 / analysis-save-reuse-level=0 / analysis-load-reuse-level=0 / scale-factor=0 / refine-intra=0 / refine-inter=0 / refine-mv=1 / refine-ctu-distortion=0 / limit-sao / ctu-info=0 / no-lowpass-dct / refine-analysis-type=0 / copy-pic=1 / max-ausize-factor=1.0 / no-dynamic-refine / no-single-sei / no-hevc-aq / no-svt / no-field / qp-adaptation-range=1.00 / scenecut-aware-qp=0conformance-window-offsets / right=0 / bottom=0 / decoder-max-rate=0 / no-vbv-live-multi-pass
Default : Yes
Forced : No
Color range : Limited
Matrix coefficients : BT.709

Here is the mediainfo with frame-dup:
ID : 1
Format : HEVC
Format/Info : High Efficiency Video Coding
Format profile : Main 10@L4@Main
Codec ID : V_MPEGH/ISO/HEVC
Duration : 1 h 35 min
Bit rate : 5 885 kb/s
Width : 1 920 pixels
Height : 1 080 pixels
Display aspect ratio : 16:9
Frame rate mode : Constant
Frame rate : 23.976 (24000/1001) FPS
Color space : YUV
Chroma subsampling : 4:2:0
Bit depth : 10 bits
Bits/(Pixel*Frame) : 0.118
Stream size : 3.92 GiB (61%)
Writing library : x265 3.5+13-4c6880de4:[Windows][MSVC 1929][64 bit] 10bit
Encoding settings : cpuid=1111039 / frame-threads=4 / numa-pools=16 / wpp / no-pmode / no-pme / no-psnr / no-ssim / log-level=2 / input-csp=1 / input-res=1920x1080 / interlace=0 / total-frames=0 / level-idc=0 / high-tier=1 / uhd-bd=0 / ref=3 / allow-non-conformance / no-repeat-headers / annexb / no-aud / no-eob / no-eos / hrd / info / hash=2 / no-temporal-layers / no-open-gop / min-keyint=1 / keyint=250 / gop-lookahead=0 / bframes=16 / b-adapt=2 / b-pyramid / bframe-bias=0 / rc-lookahead=96 / lookahead-slices=6 / scenecut=40 / no-hist-scenecut / radl=0 / no-splice / no-intra-refresh / ctu=32 / min-cu-size=8 / rect / amp / max-tu-size=32 / tu-inter-depth=1 / tu-intra-depth=1 / limit-tu=0 / rdoq-level=2 / dynamic-rd=0.00 / no-ssim-rd / signhide / no-tskip / nr-intra=10 / nr-inter=20 / no-constrained-intra / strong-intra-smoothing / max-merge=4 / limit-refs=3 / limit-modes / me=3 / subme=6 / merange=48 / temporal-mvp / frame-dup / dup-threshold=70 / no-hme / weightp / no-weightb / analyze-src-pics / deblock=0:0 / sao / sao-non-deblock / rd=5 / selective-sao=2 / early-skip / rskip / no-fast-intra / no-tskip-fast / no-cu-lossless / b-intra / splitrd-skip / rdpenalty=1 / psy-rd=1.60 / psy-rdoq=0.00 / no-rd-refine / no-lossless / cbqpoffs=-1 / crqpoffs=-3 / rc=crf / crf=17.0 / qcomp=0.60 / qpstep=4 / stats-write=0 / stats-read=0 / vbv-maxrate=10000 / vbv-bufsize=3000 / vbv-init=0.9 / min-vbv-fullness=50.0 / max-vbv-fullness=80.0 / crf-max=0.0 / crf-min=0.0 / ipratio=1.40 / pbratio=1.30 / aq-mode=1 / aq-strength=1.00 / cutree / zone-count=0 / no-strict-cbr / qg-size=16 / no-rc-grain / qpmax=69 / qpmin=13 / no-const-vbv / sar=1 / overscan=0 / videoformat=5 / range=0 / colorprim=1 / transfer=1 / colormatrix=1 / chromaloc=0 / display-window=0 / cll=0,0 / min-luma=0 / max-luma=1023 / log2-max-poc-lsb=8 / vui-timing-info / vui-hrd-info / slices=1 / opt-qp-pps / opt-ref-list-length-pps / no-multi-pass-opt-rps / scenecut-bias=0.05 / hist-threshold=0.03 / no-opt-cu-delta-qp / no-aq-motion / no-hdr10 / no-hdr10-opt / no-dhdr10-opt / idr-recovery-sei / analysis-reuse-level=0 / analysis-save-reuse-level=0 / analysis-load-reuse-level=0 / scale-factor=0 / refine-intra=0 / refine-inter=0 / refine-mv=1 / refine-ctu-distortion=0 / limit-sao / ctu-info=0 / no-lowpass-dct / refine-analysis-type=0 / copy-pic=1 / max-ausize-factor=1.0 / no-dynamic-refine / no-single-sei / no-hevc-aq / no-svt / no-field / qp-adaptation-range=1.00 / scenecut-aware-qp=0conformance-window-offsets / right=0 / bottom=0 / decoder-max-rate=0 / no-vbv-live-multi-pass
Default : Yes
Forced : No
Color range : Limited
Color primaries : BT.709
Transfer characteristics : BT.709
Matrix coefficients : BT.709

[benwaggoner]

If you encode with --csv-log-level 1, you'll get frame-by-frame info, including how many bytes per frame. If --frame-dup is working, duped frames should only take a few bytes.