CPU encoders (notably x264/handbrake) provide the superior quality/bitrate, due to it being very tricky to do the things required for encoding the video on a GPU.
The fastest one depends on the situation, if you're playing a game (and thus it's likely that both your CPU and GPU are in use) then QuickSync (if you have an Intel CPU with the proper hardware on it) is likely the fastest choice - as it won't be using either of those. Otherwise the GPU encoders (OpenCL/CUDA) are likely faster than the CPU ones, if you're willing to pay the quality/bitrate price. (Although this last one doesn't matter at very high bitrates.)
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